Glossary Terms

A probabilistic model representing variables and their conditional relationships in a directed acyclic graph. It supports reasoning under uncertainty, but its conclusions depend on the structure, evidence and assumptions used.

Comparing performance or practices against a relevant reference point. Choose comparable measures and conditions; an external benchmark helps frame questions but does not establish what your organisation should achieve.

A transformer-based language model approach that learns representations using context from both directions in text. It supports language-understanding tasks; suitability depends on the data, task and evaluation requirements.

Approaches that have proved useful in a defined context. Assess their evidence and fit before adopting them, because a practice that works elsewhere may not suit your people, process or constraints.

A systematic tendency in data, modelling or outputs that can distort performance or produce unfair outcomes. Assess affected groups, information sources and decisions, rather than assuming overall accuracy means the system is appropriate.

A constraint that limits the throughput of a process or system. Improve the limiting step and assess the end-to-end result, rather than accelerating tasks that do not change overall performance.

Principles for judging responsible business conduct, including how decisions affect people and stakeholders. In AI adoption, consider fairness, transparency and accountability alongside efficiency and commercial value.

Changing how an organisation creates, delivers or captures value. Assess the customer need, operational feasibility and evidence behind the model rather than treating a new technology as a business model.

Software that interacts with users through conversation, using rules, AI or a combination of both. Define its permitted tasks, information sources and escalation routes before using it in a business workflow.

A basis on which an organisation creates value or performs differently from competitors. Assess whether the advantage matters to customers and can be sustained as markets and capabilities change.